ARYABHATA, THE GREAT INDIAN MATHEMATICIAN AND ASTRONOMER

K. R. KRISHNAMOORTHY

Have you ever scrutinized the reverse of a two-rupee currency note? It has the picture of our first satellite, launched on 19^th April, 1975, launched by ISRO, India, from the land of Russia,  to conduct experiments in X-ray astronomy, aeronomics, and solar physics. The satellite was given the name, ARYABHATA, in honour of the great Indian Mathematician and Astronomer, whose life period is assumed to be 476 to 550 CE. There is no fool-proof method to verify this, but in his work, Aryabhatiya, he has indicated that he was 23 years old at 3600 years of Kaliyuga, which corresponds to the year 499 CE. He was a native of Kusumpura, or Pataliputra (present Patna) where he studied and later worked in the Nalanda University. There is still a dispute as to his place of birth, some claiming it to be Kerala, in a place called Kodungalloor. It is definitely pitiable that there were no records about his birth and childhood.

Well, let us see his achievements. He was the author of several treatises in Mathematics and Astronomy, but most of them are lost forever. But, one of them survived – the Aryabhatiya. This work by Aryabhata consisted of 108 verses, and dealt with algebra, plane trigonometry, spherical trigonometry and simple geometry. He has calculated sum of power series. He has constructed a table of ‘sines’ (perhaps the ratio of the length of the opposite side of an angle to the hypotenuse in a right angled triangle). There is, however, no mention of the other ratios like cosine, tangent etc. He has also dealt with linear and quadratic equations.

His contemporaries, Varahamihira and Bhaskara, have referred to Aryabhata’s second work, Aryasiddhantha. There, he has described what caused the day and night, about Earth’s spherical shape and its revolution around the sun.  He has also given the names of the seven days of the week. He used the alphabets to denote the numerals. It is not known what he did to represent zero.

One of his marvelous discoveries is the value of the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter (denoted by the Greek letter “Pi”). He said, “Add four to hundred, multiply it by eight, and then add 62,000. This will give the length of circumference of a circle of diameter 20000 units. Wonderful! This value works up to 3.1416, correct to 4 decimal places. Today, the accepted value for this ratio is 3.1415926…. He also said that this number is irrational, meaning that it cannot be expressed as a normal fraction.

Another notable discovery by Aryabhata is that eclipses are not caused by some demons swallowing the Sun and the Moon, but are caused by the changes in the path of revolution of the concerned planets. He also declared that rising and setting of the various planets and stars are the result of the relative motion of the earth in the solar system.

SO NEAR, YET SO FAR, THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS. THE CELLULAR JAIL

       If we are asked to draw the outline of our country, we take care to indicate the narrow strip of land that connects the North Eastern states of our country to the main land, but conveniently forget to show the poor islands in the Bay of Bengal,which are also a part of our Nation. They are the Andaman-Nicobar Islands, situated at about 1200 km East of Chennai andan equal distance Southward from Kolkata. While the Nicobar Islands are not accessible to the public due to defence installations, a number of tourists from the main land and some foreign countries visit the island of Andamans throughouthe year. A number of good hotels have come up in Port Blair to attract the tourists.

I had such an occasion on 8^th November 2016. I remember the date so well because it was on that night that our Prime Minister Modi announced the demonetization of the high-value currency notes, which almost spoiled my much awaited tour of the Island. How I overcame the problem is irrelevant here in this article.

In this travelogue, I will restrict to my visit to the infamous Cellular Jail in Port Blair. The Cellular Jail was so named because here the convicts were confined in single cells in utter solitude, with no way of communicating with any co-prisoners. Now, it has become a National Memorial. As you know, this jail is known in Hindi as Kala Pani, meaning black water or Kala’s (Yama, the God of Death) water. Metaphorically, the term, “kala pani” refers to “being completely stripped of caste, community and creed” – literally, parting the prisoners from their very souls.. Once anyone came here as a captive, there was little hope of his escaping torture. Often, they die on the gallows.

The cells were a part of a three storeyed structure. Originally, there were seven arms jutting out of a central tower. This tower helped the guards to keep a watch on the movements of the prisoners. A large bell was seen in the tower to raise an alarm. A retrievable bridge connected the seven arms to the central tower. At night, the bridges were drawn back to isolate the jail, making it impossible for the inmates to escape. The cells opened from a long corridor. Inside the cell, the floor was very rough and the walls were not plastered. I was told that there were a total of 693 such cells. Each cell measured 15 ft by 9 ft and a height of about 11 ft. There was a ventilator at a height of about 10 feet. No prisoner could reach the ventilator by jumping. Again, the view from the cell, through the grilled door, was only the rear wall of the next row of cells. This was done to deny any sort of communication between the prisoners, even by gestures. The barred cell doors along the colonnaded corridors were bolted through a niche next to the cell. A lock is used on the bolt jutting out of this wall. Thus, the lock was kept beyond the reach of the prisoner.

We could see the very cell where Shri Vinayak Savarkar was kept as a prisoner. I was told that the Savarkar brothers were not aware of the presence of each other in the same jail although they were there for more than two years. There were life-size statues of the prisoners doing hard work like extraction of oil from the seeds by operating a chakki where they were toiling like the bulls, and separation of the soft yarn from the fibres of coconuts by beating continuously on them. Even at work, these prisoners were kept chained. Each prisoner was given two earthen pots, one to store drinking water and the other for urinating. There were fixed times when they would be allowed to go to the toilet. There were life-size statues of how a prisoner was flogged on his bare body, with his hands tied above his head. We also witnessed the gallows where the prisoners were hanged, three at a time, by operating a lever and the basement where the dead bodies fell down. Every prisoner had to do a fixed amount of work, If a prisoner could not complete the work, he was flogged. Some were force-fed, resulting in food entering the lungs, causing their death.

At the end of our visit, we could attend the light and sound show at the site, which described about the idea to construct the jail by the British in 1906 and the horrible torture the convicts experienced. It was after Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindra Nath Tagore insisted, the British Government finally set the prisoners free and the cellular jail became just a National Monument. No one comes out of this grave monument without tears in their eyes. We learnt from our guide that three of the wings were demolished to build a first-grade hospital for the public. Treatments are free here.

This visit to the Cellular Jail was nothing less than a pilgrimage for me, a way to pay respect to the brave souls who fought for our country and bore the atrocious treatments meted out to them by the British. This visit was also  quite disturbing for me – it made my heart weep for those inmates whose crime was basically to rise up for their own rights in their own country. It made me proud, at the same time angry.

__K R Krishnamoorthy